Contributions of intercalated duct cells to the normal parenchyma of submandibular glands of adult rats

The parenchyma of the submandibular gland in the adult male rat is self-renewing, with most newly formed acinar and granular duct cells believed to differentiate from the rapidly proliferating intercalated duct (ID) compartment. Since the LD cells are phenotypically diverse, based on their different expression of perinatal secretory proteins, we systemically injected tritiated thymidine for 24 hours, and followed the pattern of thymidine distribution in cells by autoradiography and immunocytochemistry of defined cellular phenotypes over a 1-month chase period. Proliferating cells were found within all parenchymal cell compartments; they were most numerous in ID, and primarily in those cells lacking immunoreactivity for the perinatal proteins SMG-B1, -C, and -D. The labeling index (LI) of the ID cells reached a peak at 7 days postinjection, and then decreased over the next 3 weeks. Concurrently, the LI increased significantly in those cells at the junctions of ID with both acini and granular ducts, and also within these larger parenchymal elements. We conclude that the ID cells not reactive for perinatal proteins proliferate to expand the ID compartment, and that LD cells at the ends of the ducts differentiate into both acinar and granular duct cells. Our data provide no evidence for the di differentiation of ID cells into cells of striated ducts (SD); however, the small number of excretory duct (ED) profiles seen in our preparations showed extremely high LI (>25%), suggesting that more extensive data might reveal a precursor role for the ED in replacement of SD cells. In addition to the stepwise passage of cells from ID to other parenchymal elements at their junctions, the reported occurrence of occasional clusters of B1-positive acini (BAC) among the typical BI-negative acini had suggested an alternate pathway, in which entire segments of newly expanded ID might develop directly into a recapitulated perinatal stage of BI-reactive cell, pursuant to becoming mature acinar cells. Consistent with this suggestion, the BAC had a fourfold greater LI than typical adult acini; moreover, when analyzed by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry, they appeared similar to the novel perinatal Type III cells both ultrastructurally and in their pattern of B1-immunogold labeling. In contrast, the less common acini showing a sublingual gland phenotype had no significant difference in LI from typical acinar cells. Overall, our results emphasize the importance of the nonimmunoreactive ID cells in normal cellular replacement, and the possibility that ID can undergo en bloc differentiation into replacement acini as well as incremental addition of single cells at the boundaries of ID with acini and with granular ducts. Anat Rec 263:202-214, 2001. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.