Angiogenesis in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease

Background. Autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a genetic disorder that is responsible for approximately 10% of all cases of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It is characterized by the formation of epithelial cell cysts, an increase in the extracellullar matrix. and vascular alterations believed to be the result of compression by the cysts. Our recent observations demonstrated a rich vascular network on the surface of the cysts, and thus, we postulated that angiogenesis could be a factor in the progression of ADPKD. Methods. Kidneys removed from patients with ADPKD were studied using (1) angiographs, (2) immunostaining [factor VIII-related antigen, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF receptors 1 and 2 (VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2), metallo-proteinase-2 (MMP-2), and integrin alpha (v)beta (3) and (3) Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of VEGF(165) in ADPKD cells in culture was determined. Results. There was (1) an extensive capillary network in the cyst wall of ADPKD kidneys. (2) morphological evidence of vascular malformations, (3) expression of VEGF(165) in cyst cells of VEGFR-2 in endothelial cells and an absence of VEGFR-1 in endothelial cells, (4) secretion of VEGF(165) by ADPKD cyst cells in culture, and (5) coexpression of matrix MMP-2 and integrin alpha (v)beta (3) in vessels from ADPKD. Conclusions. There is angiogenesis in ADPKD. This process may be necessary for cyst cells to grow and may be responsible for increased vascular permeability facilitating fluid secretion into the cysts. Neovascularization may result in the formation of aneurysms responsible for the renal bleeding in this disease.