Loss of β-catenin expression associated with disease progression in malignant melanoma

Background beta -catenin plays a crucial role in the function of cell adhesion molecules and also participates in growth regulatory signalling pathways that may be involved in malignant transformation. Objectives To examine beta -catenin expression in lesions of melanocytic origin for associations with clinicopathological markers of disease progression and for its significance as a predictor of disease recurrence and prognosis. Methods beta -catenin expression was examined by immunoperoxidase staining in 50 melanocytic naevi and 91 primary and 50 metastatic melanomas, Results beta -catenin was expressed in 96% of melanocytic naevi, in 94% and 65%, respectively, of radial and vertical growth phase primary melanomas, and in 38% of metastatic melanomas. Benign and malignant melanocytic lesions had distinct patterns of beta -catenin localization. Most lesions expressing beta -catenin exhibited cytoplasmic staining: however. over 40% of benign lesions also displayed nuclear staining, which was present only in 10% of primary and 15% of metastatic melanomas. Absent or weak expression of beta -catenin in primary melanomas was associated with several markers of disease progression, including tumour thickness and presence of lymph node metastases. A similar but not statistically significant trend was observed for the association of beta -catenin expression with disease recurrence and prognosis. Conclusions These results suggest that loss or downregulation of beta -catenin expression in melanoma cells plays a significant role in progression of the disease.