New insights on how metals disrupt amyloid β-aggregation and their effects on amyloid-β cytotoxicity

Amyloid-beta protein (A beta) aggregates in the brain to form senile plaques. By using thioflavin T, a dye that specifically binds to fibrillar structures, we found that metals such as Zn(ll) and Cu(II) normally inhibit amyloid beta -aggregation. Another method for detecting A beta, which does not distinguish the types of aggregates, showed that these metals induce a non-beta -sheeted aggregation, as reported previously. Secondary structural analysis and microscopic studies revealed that metals induced A beta to make non-fibrillar aggregates by disrupting beta -sheet formation. These non-fibrillar A beta aggregates displayed much weaker Congo Red birefringence, and in separate cell culture experiments, were less toxic than self beta -aggregates, as demonstrated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The toxicity of soluble A beta was enhanced in the presence of Cu(Il), which suggests the previously hypothesized role of A beta in generating oxidative stress. Finally, under an acidic condition, similar to that in the inflammation associated with senile plaques, beta -aggregation was robustly facilitated at one specific concentration of Zn(ll) in the presence of heparin. However, because a higher concentration of Zn(II) virtually abolished this abnormal phenomenon, and at normal pH any concentrations strongly inhibit beta -aggregation and its associated cytotoxicity, including its anti-oxidative nature we suggest that Zn(II) has an overall protective effect against beta -amyloid toxicity.