Measures of ethnicity-related stress: Psychometric properties, ethnic group differences, and associations with well-being

This study introduces new measures of ethnicity-related stress and a newly adapted measure of ethnic identity. Ethnicity-related stressors assessed in this study were perceived discrimination, stereotype confirmation concern, and own-group conformity pressure. Ethnic identity refers to the subjective sense of ethnic group membership and, following Luhtanen and Crocker (1992), was assessed as public regard, identity centrality, and private feelings. Data for 333 undergraduates from diverse ethnic groups indicated that the measures are psychometrically sound. Ethnic group differences for mean scores demonstrated the measures' known-groups validity. Cross-sectional analyses indicated that ethnicity-related stress and identity constructs captured by the instruments are related to measures of psychological and physical well-being. The new measures may be useful in the investigation of psychological aspects of ethnicity and their adaptive consequences.