The effects of central pro-and anti-inflammatory immune challenges on depressive-like behavior induced by chronic forced swim stress in rats

Although increasing evidence demonstrates that both chronic stressors and inflammatory immune activation contribute to pathophysiology and behavioral alterations associated with major depression, little is known about the interaction effect of central inflammatory immune activation and stress on depressivelike behavior. Our previous work has shown that 14-day chronic forced swim stress induces significant depressive-like behavior. The present investigation assessed whether pro-inflammatory cytokine and anti-inflammatory cytokine challenges have differential interaction effect on depressive-like behavior induced by chronic forced swim stress in rats. The pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory immune challenges were achieved respectively by central administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a proinflammatory cytokine inducer, and interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory cytokine. It was found that either central LPS treatment alone or chronic forced swim stress alone significantly induced depressive-like behavior, including reduced body weight gain, reduced saccharin preference and reduced locomotor activity. However, there was no significant synergistic or additive effect of central LPS treatment and stress on depressive-like behavior. LPS treatment did not exacerbate the depressive-like behavior induced by forced swim stress. Nevertheless, IL-10 reversed depressive-like behavior induced by forced swim stress, a finding indicating that IL-10 has antidepressant effect on behavioral depression induced by stress. The present findings provide new insight into the complexity of the immunityinflammation hypothesis of depression. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.