Functional analysis of Csk and CHK kinases in breast cancer cells

In this report, we analyzed the expression and kinase activities of Csk and CHK kinases in normal breast tissues and breast tumors and their involvement in HRG-mediated signaling in breast cancer cells. Csk expression and kinase activity were abundant in normal human breast tissues, breast carcinomas, and breast cancer cell lines, whereas CHK expression was negative in normal breast tissues and low in some breast tumors and in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. CHK kinase activity was not detected in human breast carcinoma tissues (12 of 12) or in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line (due to the low level of CHK protein expression), but was significantly induced upon heregulin (HRG) stimulation. We have previously shown that CHK associates with the ErbB-2/neu receptor upon HRG stimulation via its SH2 domain and that it down-regulates the ErbB-2/ neu-activated Src kinases. Our new findings demonstrate that Csk has no effect on ErbB-2/neu-activated Src kinases upon HRG treatment and that its kinase activity is not modulated by HRG. CHK significantly inhibited in vitro cell growth, transformation, and invasion induced upon HRG stimulation. In addition, tumor growth of wt CHK-transfected MCF-7 cells was significantly inhibited in nude mice. Furthermore, CHK downregulated c-Src and Lyn protein expression and kinase activity, and the entry into mitosis was delayed in the wt CH-K-transfected MCF-7 cells upon HRG treatment. These results indicate that CHK, but not Csk, is involved in HRG-mediated signaling pathways, down-regulates ErbB-2/neu-activated Src kinases, and inhibits invasion and transformation of breast cancer cells upon HRG stimulation. These findings strongly suggest that CHK is a novel negative growth regulator of HRG-mediated ErbB-2/neu and Src family kinase signaling pathways in breast cancer cells.