Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage and transcatheter embolotherapy: Clinical and technical factors impacting success and survival

PURPOSE: To identify clinical and technical factors influencing the outcome of transcatheter embolotherapy for nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage and to quantify the impact of successful intervention on patient survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of all patients (n = 163) who underwent arterial embolization for acute upper GI hemorrhage at a university hospital over an 11.5-year period. Clinical success was defined as target area devascularization that resulted in the clinical cessation of bleeding and stabilization of hemoglobin level. The clinical condition of each patient at intervention was defined by history, laboratory examination, and two composite indicator variables. With use of logistic regression, the dependent variable, clinical success, was modeled on two categories of clinical and technical variables. A final model regressed patient survival on clinical success and other clinical variables. RESULTS: None of the procedural variables analyzed had a significant influence on clinical success. Several clinical variables did impact clinical success, including multiorgan system failure (OR, 0.36; P = .030), coagulopathy (OR, 0.36; P = .026), and bleeding subsequent to trauma (OR, 7.1; P = .040) or invasive procedures (OR, 6.5; P = .009). Regardless of their clinical condition at intervention, patients who! underwent clinically successful embolization were 13.3 times more likely to survive than those who had an unsuccessful procedure (Cl, 4.54-39.2; P = .000). Nevertheless, patients with multiorgan system failure were 17.5 times more likely to die, independent of the outcome of the procedure (Cl, 0.014-0.229; P = .000). CONCLUSION: Arresting nonvariceal upper GI hemorrhage with transcatheter embolotherapy has a large positive effect on patient survival, independent of clinical condition or demonstrable extravasation at intervention. Aggressive treatment with transcatheter embolotherapy is advisable in patients with acute nonvariceal upper GI hemorrhage.