Glutaminolysis yields a metabolic by-product that stimulates autophagy

Autophagy is an intracellular degradative pathway that plays key roles in the homeostatic turnover of long-lived or damaged proteins and organelles, and in the survival of cells during starvation or other stressful conditions. We have uncovered an unexpected link between glutamine (Gin) metabolism and the regulation of autophagy. Our findings indicate that ammonia, generated from Gin deamination in mitochondria, functions as an autocrine- and/or paracrine-acting stimulator of autophagic flux.