Distribution of chloroplast DNA variation in British oaks (Quercus robur and Q-petraea):: the influence of postglacial colonisation and human management

Variation in the non-coding region of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) was studied to determine the route and pattern of postglacial recolonisation of native oak throughout mainland Britain. In total, 1076 mature oak trees of either Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. or Quercus robur L. from 224 British ancient woodland sites were analysed, and represent the largest and most saturating molecular analysis of British oak undertaken to date. The majority of oaks (98%) possessed one of the three cpDNA haplotypes from lineage B that are commonly found in Spain and western regions of France. Thus, our findings strongly support the hypothesis that most native British Q. robur and Q. petraea originate from a Pleistocene refugium in the Iberian Peninsula. A haplotype previously thought to be the result of a de novo postglacial mutation in East Anglia, Native and Non-native in British Forestry. Proceedings of a Discussion Meeting, March 31-April 2, 1995. University of Warwick, pp. 38-55 was found at several sites in eastern Britain, including major population clusters in East Anglia, Tyneside and northeast Scotland. We propose that this haplotype was introduced to Britain via normal postglacial colonisation processes. Less than 2% of oak trees sampled possessed haplotypes from lineages which originate from more eastern refugia (Italy and Balkans). Whilst human-mediated translocation may be responsible for the occurrence of these haplotypes in Britain, single long distance dispersal events (of between 300 and 500 km from France) cannot be excluded for at least one case. The majority of populations sampled (including those where both species are present) were fixed for a single haplotype (69%). However, significant areas of mixed haplotype woods occurred in the Welsh Marches and Scotland and the proportion of population fixation was lower and intra-population diversity higher for Q. robur (G(ST) = 0.661; h(S) = 0.224) than for Q. petraea (G(ST) = 0.884; h(S) = 0.089). The distribution of cpDNA variation in British oak populations is discussed and interpreted in the light of hypothesised recolonisation routes and dynamics, inter-specific hybridisation and chloroplast capture, and human impacts due to the management of ancient woodland. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.