Human error in European air traffic management: the HERA project

The majority of accidents in hazardous activities are caused by human error. This problem is not new, and a good deal of research, application, and development of practical techniques for the analysis, prediction and reduction of human errors or their negative effects, has occurred in a range of industries. Whilst human error within flight operations has for some time been the centre of exhaustive research and debate, a similar analysis within the field of air traffic management (ATM) is not so comprehensive. Therefore, it may be that ATM can learn from other industries. This paper deals with an approach to ATM incident analysis that is being developed in the European ATM arena. This new approach aims to determine how and why human errors are contributing to incidents, and thus how to improve human reliability within a high-reliability system. This developing approach is called 'HERA' - Human Error in ATM Project. The paper reports on a formative part, or phase 1, of a project that reviewed the theoretical and practical literature to determine the best conceptual framework upon which to base an ATM incident analysis tool. The conceptual framework chosen is that of human performance from an information processing perspective, which has been adapted to make it more contextually relevant to ATM. A prototype structure was adopted for a technique with which to analyse ATM incidents. This paper summarises the review of the literature surveyed, and briefly describes the structure of the prototype technique. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.