Metabolic oscillations in β-cells

Whereas the mechanisms underlying oscillatory insulin secretion remain unknown, several models have been advanced to explain if they involve generation of metabolic oscillations in beta-cells. Evidence, including measurements of oxygen consumption, glucose consumption, NADH, and ATP/ADP ratio, has accumulated to support the hypothesis that energy metabolism in beta-cells can oscillate. Where simultaneous measurements have been made, these oscillations are well correlated with oscillations in intracellular [Ca2+] and insulin secretion. Considerable evidence has been accumulated to suggest that entry of Ca2+ into cells can modulate metabolism both positively and negatively. The main positive effect of Ca2+ is an increase in oxygen consumption, believed to involve activation of mitochondrial dehydrogenases. Negative feedback by Ca2+ includes decreases in glucose consumption and decreases in the mitochondrial membrane potential. Ca2+ also provides negative feedback by increasing consumption of ATP. The negative feedback provided by Ca2+ provides a mechanism for generating oscillations based on a model in which glucose stimulates a rise in ATP/ADP ratio that closes ATP-sensitive K+ (K-ATP) channels, thus depolarizing the cell membrane and allowing Ca(2+)entry through voltage-sensitive channels. Ca2+ entry reduces the ATP/ ADP ratio and allows reopening of the KATP channel. Diabetes 51 (Suppl. 1):S152-5161, 2002.