Tree canopy displacement at forest gap edges

Although plants are sessile organisms, they can forage for resources and avoid neighbors by growing towards areas with high resource availability and reduced competition. Apparently because of this morphological flexibility, tree canopies are rarely positioned directly above their stem bases and are often displaced. To determine if contrasts in light availability lead to the development of canopy displacement, we investigated the responses of tree canopies to the heterogeneous light environments at the edges of six experimental gaps. Canopies and trunks of gap edge trees were mapped, and their spatial distributions were analyzed. We found that tree canopies were displaced towards gap centers. The magnitude and precision of canopy displacement were greater for subcanopy trees than for canopy trees. The magnitude and precision of canopy displacement were generally greater for earlier successional trees and hardwoods than for later successional trees and conifers. Canopy depth was significantly greater on gap-facing sides of trees than on forest-facing sides of trees. Thus, trees along gap edges foraged for light by occupying both horizontal and vertical gap space. This morphological flexibility has implications for individual plant success, as well as forest structure and dynamics.