Evaluation of nested PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) with group-specific 16S rRNA primers for the analysis of bacterial communities from different wastewater treatment plants

The diversity of bacterial groups of activated sludge samples that received wastewater from four different types of industry was investigated by a nested PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) approach. Specific 16S rRNA primers were chosen for large bacterial groups (Bacteria and alpha-Proteo bacteria in particular), which dominate activated sludge communities, as well as for actinomycetes, ammonium oxidisers and methanotrophs (types I and 11). In addition primers for the new Acidobacterium kingdom were used to observe their community structure in activated sludge. After this first PCR amplification, a second PCR with bacterial primers yielded 16S rRNA gene fragments that were subsequently separated by DGGE. thus generating 'group-specific DGGE patterns'. The community structure and diversity of the bacterial groups from the different samples was further analysed using different techniques, such as statistical analysis and Shannon diversity index evaluation of the band patterns. By combining the seven DGGE gets, cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling and principal component analysis clearly clustered two of the four activated sludge types separately, It was shown that the combination of molecular and statistical methods can be very useful to differentiate microbial communities. (C) 2001 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.