Analyzing mitochondrial changes during apoptosis

Mitochondria play a central role in programmed cell death through the release of cytochrome c and other proapoptotic factors. Fluorescence microscopy is used to visualize cytochrome e translocation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Flow cytometry can also be used to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Cytochrome c content in cytosol and mitochondria can be determined by immunoblotting after subcellular fractionation or selective permeabilization with digitonin. Isolated mitochondria can be used to study the mechanism of cytochrome c release. This article summarizes some of the more widely used methods to assess mitochondrial alterations in apoptosis. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.