Rheological behavior of multiwalled carbon nanotube/polycarbonate composites

The theological behavior of compression molded mixtures of polycarbonate containing between 0.5 and 15 wt% carbon nanotubes was investigated using oscillatory rheometry at 260 degreesC. The nanotubes have diameters between 10 and 15 nm and lengths ranging from I to 10 mum. The composites were obtained by diluting a masterbatch containing 15 wt% nanotubes using a twin-screw extruder. The increase in viscosity associated with the addition of nanotubes is much higher than viscosity changes reported for carbon nanofibers having larger diameters and for carbon black composites this can be explained by the higher aspect ratio of the nanotubes. The viscosity increase is accompanied by an increase in the elastic melt properties, represented by the storage modulus G', which is much higher than the increase in the loss modulus G. The viscosity curves above 2 wt% nanotubes exhibit a larger decrease with frequency than samples containing lower nanotube loadings. Composites containing more than 2 wt% nanotubes exhibit non-Newtonian behavior at lower frequencies. A step increase at approximately 2 wt% nanotubes was observed in the viscosity-composition curves at low frequencies. This step change may be regarded as a theological threshold. Ultimately, the rheological threshold coincides with the electrical conductivity percolation threshold which was found to be between I and 2 wt%, nanotubes. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.