Gridded lightning climatology from TRMM-LIS and OTD: Dataset description

Gridded climatologies of total lightning flash rates observed by the spaceborne Optical Transient Detector (OTD) and Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) instruments have been updated. OTD collected data from May 1995 to March 2000. US data (equatorward of about 38 degrees) adds the years 1998-2010. Flash counts from each instrument are scaled by the best available estimates of detection efficiency. The long LIS record makes the merged climatology most robust in the tropics and subtropics, while the high latitude data is entirely from OTD. The gridded climatologies include annual mean flash rate on a 0.5 degrees grid, mean diurnal cycle of flash rate on a 2.5 degrees grid with 24 hour resolution, mean annual cycle of flash rate on a 0.5 degrees or 2.5 degrees grid with daily, monthly, or seasonal resolution, mean annual cycle of the diurnal cycle on a 2.5 grid with two hour resolution for each day, and time series of flash rate over the sixteen year record with roughly three-month smoothing. For some of these (e.g., annual cycle of the diurnal cycle), more smoothing is necessary for results to be robust. The mean global flash rate from the merged climatology is 46 flashes s(-1). This varies from around 35 flashes s(-1) in February (austral summer) to 60 flashes s(-1) in August (boreal summer). The peak annual flash rate at 0.5 degrees scale is 160 fl km(-2) yr(-1) in eastern Congo. The peak monthly average flash rate at 2.5 degrees scale is 18 fl km(-2) mo(-1) from early April to early May in the Brahmaputra Valley of far eastern India. Lightning decreases in this region during the monsoon season, but increases further north and west. An August peak in northern Pakistan also exceeds any monthly averages from Africa, despite central Africa having the greatest yearly average. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.