期刊
ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH
卷 131, 期 -, 页码 60-72出版社
ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.06.008
关键词
Cloud liquid water; Snowing cloud; Microwave remote sensing
资金
- NASA PMM grant [NNX10AG76G]
- NASA CloudSat Grant [NNX10AM30G]
- Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Science [KZCX2-EW-QN507]
- Korea Meteorological Administration Research and Development Program [CATER 2012-2062]
- Korea Meteorological Administration [CATER-2012-2062] Funding Source: Korea Institute of Science & Technology Information (KISTI), National Science & Technology Information Service (NTIS)
- NASA [129509, 133306, NNX10AG76G, NNX10AM30G] Funding Source: Federal RePORTER
To study the impact of cloud liquid water on passive microwave snowfall remote sensing, we analyzed 4 years of liquid water path data retrieved from microwave radiometer on Aqua satellite that are collocated with CloudSat snowfall observations. Results showed that cloud liquid water commonly occurs in snowing clouds (2-m air temperature lower than 2 degrees C); about 72% of these clouds have a retrieved liquid water path greater than 0. The mean liquid water path for all snowing clouds is about 74 g m(-2), higher for horizontally extended clouds (70-100 g m(-2)) and lower for isolated (similar to 50 g m(-2)). There is a clear tendency that snowing clouds are less likely to contain liquid water as 2-m air temperature decreases. However, the variation of the mode values of liquid water path with 2-m air temperature seems to be cloud type dependent, particularly for colder environment with 2-m air temperature lower than 263 K. On average, larger values of liquid water path occur when near-surface radar reflectivity ranges from -10 to 0 dBZ, corresponding to relatively weak snowfall of 0.02 to 0.15 mm h(-1), rather than to the heaviest snowfall observed. The impact of cloud liquid water on passive microwave satellite remote sensing of snowfall has been investigated using radiative transfer simulations. It is concluded that for frequencies higher than 80 GHz the brightness temperature warming caused by cloud liquid water emission has a similar magnitude to the brightness temperature cooling caused by snowflakes' scattering. Therefore, while ice scattering is the primary signature for retrieving snowfall, it is equally important to take into account the impact by cloud liquid water when developing snowfall retrieval algorithms using high-frequency satellite observations. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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