Factors related to lipodystrophy and metabolic alterations in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy

Morphologic and metabolic changes associated with protease inhibitor (PI) therapy have been reported since the introduction of PIs for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection. These changes were measured 12-20 months after initiation of PI therapy in a cross-sectional study involving 614 patients from the Anti-proteases Cohorte (APROCO) Study (Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida-EP11). The prevalence was 21% for isolated peripheral atrophy, 17% for isolated fat accumulation, 24% for mixed syndrome, 23% for glucose metabolism alterations, 28% for hypertriglyceridemia (triglyceride level, greater than or equal to2.2 mM), and 57% for hypercholesterolemia (cholesterol level, greater than or equal to5.5 mM). Age was significantly associated with different phenotypes of lipodystrophy and metabolic alterations, but body-mass index, CD4(+) cell count, and type of nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor or PI received were not constantly associated with these changes. Furthermore, in all models tested, exposure to stavudine was associated with lipoatrophy and exposure of ritonavir was associated with hypertriglyceridemia. Detection and management of these disorders should be implemented to prevent further complications.