Environmental determinants of birth seasonality in night monkeys (Aotus azarai) of the Argentinean Chaco

The night monkeys (Aotus azarai) of Formosa, Argentina provide an opportunity to investigate the influences of ambient temperature and photoperiod on reproduction in a highly seasonal environment: the Chaco. Between 1997 and 2000, we collected data to evaluate the relationship between rainfall, ambient temperature, photoperiod and food availability and the annual distribution of mating behavior and births in 15 groups of monkeys in the forests of the Eastern Argentinean Chaco. Our data show that the area is highly seasonal, characterized by significant fluctuations in rainfall, temperature, photoperiod and food availability. There are two rain peaks in April and November and a dry season lasting from June to August. Monthly, mean temperatures were on average 11degreesC lower during winter months than they were during summer months. Temperatures <10degreesC and >33degreesC were also frequent through the year. Days are 3 h longer during the summer than during the winter months. Insect abundance and the percentage of tree species producing fruits, flowers or new leaves reached a low in the coldest winter months. Mating was infrequent, and we only observed it between May and September. Half the births (n = 13) occurred during a 2-week period in October: Infant survival during the first 6 mo of life was high (96%). Our findings suggest an environmental control of reproduction. Changes in photoperiod and temperature may promote reproductive activity in females that might conceive and begin pregnancy at a time void of high temperatures that could be metabolically challenging.