期刊
ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
卷 45, 期 28, 页码 5064-5068出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.06.009
关键词
Ozone; Flux; Critical levels; Food security; Ecosystem services; Trees; Grasslands
资金
- Defra [AQ0810, AQ0816, AQ0601]
- LRTAP Convention
- NERC
- Swedish Environment Protection Agency whilst
- Victoria Bermejo
- Spanish Ministry of Environment (MARM)
- CIEMAT
- Spanish projects Consolider-Ingenio Montes [CSD2008-00040]
- AGRISOST [S2009 AGR-1630]
- European project TOMSTRESS [FAIR5-CT97-3493]
- Consolider-Ingenio GRACCIE [CSD2007-00067]
- Natural Environment Research Council [ceh010023] Funding Source: researchfish
The critical levels for ozone effects on vegetation have been reviewed and revised by the LRTAP Convention. Eight new or revised critical levels based on the accumulated stomatal flux of ozone (POD gamma, the Phytotoxic Ozone Dose above a threshold flux of Y nmol m(-2) PLA s(-1), where PLA is the projected leaf area) have been agreed. For each receptor, data were combined from experiments conducted under naturally fluctuating environmental conditions in 2-4 countries, resulting in linear dose response relationships with response variables specific to each receptor (r(2) = 0.49-0.87, p < 0.001 for all). For crops, critical levels were derived for effects on wheat (grain yield, grain mass, and protein yield), potato (tuber yield) and tomato (fruit yield). For forest trees, critical levels were derived for effects on changes in annual increment in whole tree biomass for beech and birch, and Norway spruce. For (semi-)natural vegetation, the critical level for effects on productive and high conservation value perennial grasslands was based on effects on important component species of the genus Trifolium (clover species). These critical levels can be used to assess protection against the damaging effects of ozone on food security, important ecosystem services provided by forest trees (round-wood production, C sequestration, soil stability and flood prevention) and the vitality of pasture. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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