Effects of plasma activation on hydrophilic bonding of Si and SiO2

Low-temperature bonding of Si wafers has been studied utilizing reactive ion etching-mode plasma activation. The hydrophilic Si and thermally oxidized Si wafers were exposed to N-2, Ar, or O-2 plasma prior to bonding in air or vacuum. After plasma treatment the wafers were cleaned in RCA-1 solution and/or deionized water. Strong bonding was achieved at 200degreesC with all the investigated plasma gases, if proper bonding and cleaning procedures were used. Extended RCA-1 cleaning deteriorated the bond strength, but a short cleaning improved bonding. We found that the activation of the thermal oxide has a larger influence on the bond strength than the activation of the native oxide surface in Si/oxide wafer pairs. We suggest that the plasma treatment induces a highly disordered surface structure, which enhances the diffusion of the water from the bonded interface. As a result of the plasma exposure the number of the surface OH groups is greatly increased enabling strong bonding at a low temperature. (C) 2002 The Electrochemical Society.