A revision of cascade synthesis theory covering cross-coupled filters

The classical zero-shifting technique is generalized to cover extraction of complex transmission zeros (TZs) in the form of fourth-order LC sections whereby the jomega- and alpha-axis TZs appear as special cases. Using this approach, bandpass filters can be synthesized in direct coupled resonator forms by pole placement instead of designing them through low-pass prototypes. By using circuit transformations, the resulting direct coupled resonator filter circuits can then be transformed into a variety of cross-coupled forms like a fully cross-coupled form or cascaded N-tuplet form. It is shown that one or more finite jomega-axis, alpha-axis, or complex TZs can be extracted as direct coupled resonator circuit blocks, which can be converted into cross-coupled triplets, quadruplets, or other N-tuplets of resonators. In particular, it is shown that a cascaded quadruplet section can be used to realize a complex TZ quadruplet s(i) = +/-sigma(i) +/- jomega(i), as well as two pairs of jomega-axis TZs, s(i) = jomega(i), and s(k) = jomega(k).