Subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia are characterized by an inflammatory phenotype despite long-term intensive cholesterol lowering treatment

Objective: The atherosclerotic process is driven by elevated Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol in combination with enhanced inflammatory responses. Several mediators participate in this complex inflammatory network including members of the tumour necrosis factor (receptor) superfamily. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is associated with increased risk of developing premature atherosclerosis. Statin treatment may normalize LDL-cholesterol levels, but it is not known if the inflammatory responses are normalized in statin-treated FH patients. Methods: In long-term statin-treated FH subjects (n - 33) and healthy controls (n - 10) the expression of tumour necrosis factor (receptor) superfamily related genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were analyzed by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. TNF alpha release was measured in PBMC from patients and controls by immunoassay. Results: In FH patients with normal LDL-cholesterol, after a median of 17 years of statin treatment, our major findings were: (i) Gene expression of CD137, LIGHT (lymphotoxins inducible expression, competes with HSV glycoprotein D for HVEM, a receptor expressed on T-lymphocytes), HVEM (Herpesvirus entry mediator), the two TNF alpha Receptors (TNFR1 and TNFR2), TNF related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) and CD40 were increased in PBMC from FH patients compared to controls. (ii) The release of TNF alpha in PBMC from FH patients, in response to LPS was increased compared to controls. (iii) PBMC from FH patients had enhanced spontaneous release of TNF alpha when incubated in the presence of control serum and in particular in the presence of FH serum. Conclusion: Despite long-term statin therapy, an increased expression of several TNF related genes in PBMC isolated from FH patients was observed. Our findings may implicate a pathogenic role for inflammation and TNF related molecules in FH, and these findings suggest the possibility that novel treatment modalities beyond that of statins and lipid lowering drugs may be useful in FH subjects. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.