Induction of tissue factor expression in human endothelial cells by CD40 ligand is mediated via activator protein 1, nuclear factor κB, and Egr-1

Induction of tissue factor expression in endothelial cells via ligation of CD40 probably figures prominently in the pathogenesis of prevalent inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. However, the molecular mechanisms of tissue factor gene expression triggered by CD40 ligand (CD40L) in this cell type remain unknown. We demonstrate here that the tissue factor promoter region -278 bp to +121 bp contains the CD40L-responsive elements, consisting of activator protein 1 (AP-1)+/-, nuclear factor (NF) kappaB-, and Egr-1-binding sites. Mutations of either the AP-1- or NF-kappaB-binding sites markedly reduced the CD40L-dependent promoter activation. The AP-1 and NF-kappaB sites displayed constitutive and CD40L-enhanceable DNA binding activity, respectively. Of note, mutation of the Egr-1-binding sites, previously not associated with CD40 signaling, impaired activation of the tissue factor promoter. Accordingly, CD40L strongly induced Egr-1 protein expression and DNA binding activity to all three bindings sites. In contrast to CD40L, other established inducers of tissue factor in endothelial cells, interleukin-1beta or tumor necrosis factor a, did not increase the expression of Egr-1. In conclusion, induction of tissue factor gene expression in human endothelial cells by CD40L involves AP-1 and NF-kappaB as well as Egr-1, a pathway previously not implicated in CD40 signaling and distinct from that employed by certain other proinflammatory cytokines.