X-ray structure of a neuronal complexin-SNARE complex from squid

Nerve terminals release neurotransmitters from vesicles into the synaptic cleft upon transient increases in intracellular Ca2+. This exocytotic process requires the formation of trans SNARE complexes and is regulated by accessory proteins including the complexins. Here we report the crystal structure of a squid core complexin-SNARE complex at 2.95-Angstrom resolution. A helical segment of complexin binds in anti-parallel fashion to the four-helix bundle of the core SNARE complex and interacts at its C terminus with syntaxin and synaptobrevin around the ionic zero layer of the SNARE complex. We propose that this structure is part of a multiprotein fusion machinery that regulates vesicle fusion at a late pre-fusion stage. Accordingly, Ca2+ may initiate membrane fusion by acting directly or indirectly on complexin, thus allowing the conformational transitions of the trans SNARE complex that are thought to drive membrane fusion.