Values, economics, and proenvironmental attitudes in 22 societies

Using data provided by the 1993 International Social Survey Programme, the authors examine the relationship between economic factors, values, and environmental attitudes both at the societal level and the individual level. They tested the hypothesis derived from Inglehart that postmaterialist values mediate the relationship between economics and support for the environment. In a multilevel analysis, they also explored whether the relationship between individuals' income and their attitudes toward the environment varies as a function of societal-level indicators. Results demonstrate that economic factors predicted proenvironmental attitudes at the societal level and less so at the individual level, but at neither level was the influence of economic factors mediated through postmaterialist values. Further, a society's recent economic growth, but not current levels of economic development, predicted to what extent individuals' proenvironmental views were linked to their personal economic resources.