Race and place: The ecology of racial profiling African American motorists

We propose an ecological dimension to racial profiling by comparing the distribution of drivers on the roadways with officers' proactive surveillance and stop behavior in a predominantly white suburban community bordering a predominantly African American community. African Americans are subject to significant racial profiling, as reflected in disproportionate surveillance and stopping by the police when driving through whiter areas. Officers' behavior is not explained by African Americans' criminality because the hit rates for African American drivers are lower in whiter areas. Profiling is sensitive to race and place and manifests itself organizationally, reflecting community patterns of residential segregation.