Effects of dicyandiamide, farmyard manure and irrigation on crop yields and ammonia volatilization from an alluvial soil under a rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system

Volatilization of NH3 from soil is a major N-loss mechanism that reduces the efficiency of applied N fertilizers, and causes environmental pollution. Strategies are needed to reduce the loss. The influences of dicyandiamide (DCD), farmyard manure (FYM) and irrigation on NH3 volatilization from an alluvial soil in rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system was studied using the acid trap method. The loss of NH3 in the rice-wheat system ranged from 38.6 kg N ha(-1) from the unfertilized soil to 69.0 kg N ha(-1) in the treatment with urea+DCD. Substitution of 50% N provided through urea by FYM reduced NH3-N volatilization by 10% in rice and wheat as compared to the urea treatment. Application of DCD increased NH3 volatilization in wheat by 7% but in rice it had no effect. The irrigation level had no effect on NH3 volatilization in rice but fewer irrigations with fewer splits of N in wheat resulted in higher NH3 volatilization. Application of DCD and FYM with urea had similar effects on grain yield and N uptake by rice and wheat as that of the urea treatment. The study showed that integrated use of organic manure and chemical fertilizer has the potential to reduce the loss of N due to volatilization and thereby minimize environmental pollution. Nitrification inhibitors, which are reported to be useful in increasing the N-use efficiency by reducing the leaching and denitrification losses of N, however, may increase N loss due to volatilization.