Simulated warm polar currents during the middle Permian

[1] During Permian stage 6 (Wordian, Kazanian) the Pangaean supercontinent was surrounded by a superocean: Panthalassa. An ocean general circulation model has been coupled to an atmospheric energy balance model to simulate the sensitivity of the Wordian climate (similar to265 million years ago) to changes in greenhouse gas concentrations, high-latitude geography, and Earth orbital configurations. The model simulates significantly different circulation features with different levels of greenhouse gas forcing, ranging from a strong meridional overturning circulation in the Southern Hemisphere at low CO2 concentration (present level) to more symmetric overturning circulation cells with deep water formation in polar latitudes of both hemispheres at high CO2 concentration (8 times present level). The simulated climate with 4 times present level CO2 concentration agrees generally well with climate-sensitive sediments and phytogeographic patterns. The model simulates strong subtropical gyres with similarities to the modern South Pacific circulation and moderate surface temperatures on the southern continent Gondwana, resulting from a strong poleward heat transport in the ocean. An even more moderate climate is generated if high-latitude land is removed from the southern continent so that ocean currents can penetrate into the polar regions of Gondwana.