Dependence of TiO2 nanoparticle preparation methods and annealing temperature on the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells

Performances of dye-sensitized solar cells prepared from nanoporous TiO2 films with different TiO2, nanoparticle preparation methods and different annealing temperatures are studied with various film thicknesses. The results show that the solar cells prepared at higher annealing temperature,,, ha e higher energy conversion efficiencies. Regarding film thickness. thin film electrode solar cell, annealed at low-temperature show comparable efficiencies with those of the cells annealed at high temperature. The difference of the efficiency between the cells with the film annealed at different temperatures increases with the film thickness. To explain the observations, the surface area of the films, the amount of the adsorbed dye, and the diffusion coefficient and lifetime of electrons are measured. The amount of adsorbed dye per unit area is found to be independent of annealing temperature, while the diffusion coefficient and lifetime increase with the temperature. With trapping models, the measured increases of the diffusion coefficient with annealing temperature are interpreted with the change of the charge-trap density and neck growth between particles, which are suggested by transmission electron microscope and surface area measurements of the films. Diffusion lengths of electrons for each solar cell estimated from the diffusion coefficient and lifetime increase with annealing temperature. From the comparison between the short circuit currents of the solar cells with the diffusion lengths, it is concluded that the higher efficiencies of the solar cells prepared from high-temperature annealed films are attributed to their longer diffusion lengths of electrons.