The identification and characterization of the marine natural product scytonemin as a novel antiproliferative pharmacophore

Marine natural products provide a rich source of chemical diversity that can be used to design and develop new, potentially useful therapeutic agents. We report here that scytonemin, a pigment isolated from cyanobacteria, is the first described small molecule inhibitor of human polo-like kinase, a serine/threonine kinase that plays an integral role in regulating the G(2)/M transition in the cell cycle. Scytonemin inhibited polo-like kinase 1 activity in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 of 2 muM against the recombinant enzyme. Biochemical analysis showed that scytonemin reduced GST-polo-like kinase 1 activity in a time-independent fashion, suggesting reversibility, and with a mixed-competition mechanism with respect to ATP. Although scytonemin was less potent against protein kinase A and Tie2, a tyrosine kinase, it did inhibit other cell cycle-regulatory kinases like Myt1, checkpoint kinase 1, cyclin-dependent kinase 1/cyclin B, and protein kinase Cbeta2 with IC50 values similar to that seen for polo-like kinase 1. Consistent with these effects, scytonemin effectively attenuated, without chemical toxicity, the growth factor- or mitogen-induced proliferation of three cell types commonly implicated in inflammatory hyperproliferation. Similarly, scytonemin (up to 10 muM) was not cytotoxic to nonproliferating endotoxin-stimulated human monocytes. In addition, Jurkat T cells treated with scytonemin were induced to undergo apoptosis in a non-cell cycle-dependent manner consistent with its activities on multiple kinases. Here we propose that scytonemin's dimeric structure, unique among natural products, may be a valuable template for the development of more potent and selective kinase inhibitors used for the treatment of hyperproliferative disorders.