Herschel/PACS spectroscopy of NGC 4418 and Arp 220: H2O, H218O, OH, 18OH, OI, HCN, and NH3

Full range Herschel/PACS spectroscopy of the (ultra) luminous infrared galaxies NGC 4418 and Arp 220, observed as part of the SHINING key programme, reveals high excitation in H2O, OH, HCN, and NH3. In NGC 4418, absorption lines were detected with E-lower > 800 K (H2O), 600 K (OH), 1075 K (HCN), and 600 K (NH3), while in Arp 220 the excitation is somewhat lower. While outflow signatures in moderate excitation lines are seen in Arp 220 as have been seen in previous studies, in NGC 4418 the lines tracing its outer regions are redshifted relative to the nucleus, suggesting an inflow with. (M) over dot less than or similar to 12 M-circle dot yr(-1). Both galaxies have compact and warm (T-dust greater than or similar to 100 K) nuclear continuum components, together with a more extended and colder component that is much more prominent and massive in Arp 220. A chemical dichotomy is found in both sources: on the one hand, the nuclear regions have high H2O abundances, similar to 10(-5), and high HCN/H2O and HCN/NH3 column density ratios of 0.1-0.4 and 2-5, respectively, indicating a chemistry typical of evolved hot cores where grain mantle evaporation has occurred. On the other hand, the high OH abundance, with OH/H2O ratios of similar to 0.5, indicates the effects of X-rays and/or cosmic rays. The nuclear media have high surface brightnesses (greater than or similar to 10(13) L-circle dot/kpc(2)) and are estimated to be very thick (N-H greater than or similar to 10(25) cm(-2)). While NGC 4418 shows weak absorption in (H2O)-O-18 and (OH)-O-18, with a O-16-to-O-18 ratio of greater than or similar to 250-500, the relatively strong absorption of the rare isotopologues in Arp 220 indicates O-18 enhancement, with O-16-to-O-18 of 70-130. Further away from the nuclear regions, the H2O abundance decreases to less than or similar to 10(-7) and the OH/H2O ratio is reversed relative to the nuclear region to 2.5-10. Despite the different scales and morphologies of NGC 4418, Arp 220, and Mrk 231, preliminary evidence is found for an evolutionary sequence from infall, hot-core like chemistry, and solar oxygen isotope ratio to high velocity outflow, disruption of the hot core chemistry and cumulative high mass stellar processing of O-18.