Clinoptilolite zeolite and cellulose amendments to reduce ammonia volatilization in a calcareous sandy soil

Leaching of nitrate (NO3-) below the root zone and gaseous losses of nitrogen (N) such as ammonia (NH3) volatilization, are major mechanisms of N loss from agricultural soils. New techniques to minimize such losses are needed to maximize N uptake efficiency and minimize production costs and the risk of potential N contamination of ground and surface waters. The effects of cellulose (C), clinoptilolite zeolite (CZ), or a combination of both (C+CZ) on NH3 volatilization and N transformation in a calcareous Riviera fine sand (loamy, siliceous, hyperthermic, Arenic Glossaqualf) from a citrus grove were investigated in a laboratory incubation study. Ammonia volatilization from NH4NO3 (AN), (NH4)(2)SO4(AS), and urea (U) applied at 200 mg N kg(-1) soil decreased by 2.5-, 2.1- and 0.9-fold, respectively, with cellulose application at 15 g kg(-1) and by 4.4-, 2.9- and 3.0-fold, respectively, with CZ application at 15 g kg(-1) as compared with that from the respective sources without the amendments. Application of cellulose plus CZ (each at 15 g kg(-1)) was the most effective in decreasing NH3 volatilization. Application of cellulose increased the microbial biomass, which was responsible for immobilization of N, and thus decreased volatilization loss of NH3-N. The effect of CZ, on the other hand, may be due to increased retention of NH4 in the ion-exchange sites. The positive effect of interaction between cellulose and CZ amendment on microbial biomass was probably due to improved nutrient retention and availability to microorganisms in the soil. Thus, the amendments provide favorable conditions for microbial growth. These results indicate that soil amendment of CZ or CZ plus organic materials such as cellulose has great potential in reducing fertilizer N loss in sandy soils.