Reed warblers guard against cuckoos and cuckoldry

Previous studies have shown that reed warblers, Acrocephalus scirpaceus, are more likely to reject a cuckoo, Cuculus canorus, egg if they have seen a cuckoo, at their nest. This suggests that they would benefit from watching out for cuckoos. We tested whether presentations of a cuckoo mount near the nest (to simulate nest inspection) led to increased nest attendance by the warblers. Cuckoo presentations at completed nests before laying, when males guarded their females closely, led to desertion at 40% of nests before any eggs were laid (there were no desertions after presentations of a jay, Garrulus glandarius, a nest predator). In the remaining cases, there was no effect of the cuckoo, on nest attendance before laying began, but a marked increase in male nest attendance (compared with jay and no-presentation controls) on the days the first and second eggs were laid. Cuckoo presentations at the one-egg stage led to the same increase in male nest attendance as did the prelaying presentations. Increased male nest attendance at the one-two-egg stage was not at the expense of mate guarding, because this declined anyway when laying began, and it did not lead to increased paternity loss compared with controls. Overall, 15% of broods had one or two extrapair young (6% of all young extrapair). We conclude that male reed warblers do increase nest guarding in response to cuckoos, but only after their females have begun egg laying, when there are less likely to be costs in lost paternity. Females did not increase nest guarding, perhaps because they need to spend more time foraging during the egg-laying period. Our results, suggest that cuckoos should be secretive not only when they lay but also when they monitor host nests beforehand. (C) 2003 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.