Excitatory and inhibitory effects of tricaine (MS-222) on fictive breathing in isolated bullfrog brain stem

This study examined the direct effects of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), a sodium-channel blocking local anesthetic, on respiratory motor output using an in vitro brain stem preparation of adult North American bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana). Bullfrogs were anesthetized with halothane, and the brain stem was removed and superfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing MS-222 at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1,000 muM. At the lowest concentration of MS-222, respiratory frequency (f(R)) increased significantly (P < 0.05), but at higher concentrations, fR progressively decreased and was abolished in all preparations at 1,000 mu M (P < 0.01). Respiratory burst amplitude and burst duration were not affected by MS-222. The frequency of nonrespiratory neural activity did not significantly change with the addition of MS-222 below 1,000 muM. These data indicate that MS-222 has a significant, direct effect on respiratory motor output from the central nervous system, producing both excitation and inhibition of fictive breathing. The results are consistent with other studies demonstrating that low concentrations of anesthetics generally cause excitation followed by depression at higher concentrations. Although the mechanisms underlying the excitatory effects of MS-222 in this study are unclear, they may include increased excitatory neurotransmission and/or disinhibition of inputs to the respiratory central pattern generator.