Zygote arrest 1 (Zar1) is a novel maternal-effect gene critical for the oocyte-to-embryo transition

The female gamete (the oocyte) serves the distinct purpose of transmitting the maternal genome and other maternal factors that are critical for post-ovulation events(1-4). Through the identification and characterization of oocyte-specific factors, we are beginning to appreciate the diverse functions of oocytes in ovarian folliculogenesis, fertilization and embryogenesis(5),(6). To understand these processes further, we identified genes called zygote arrest 1 (Zar1 and ZAR1 in mouse and human, respectively) as novel oocyte-specific genes. These encode proteins of 361 amino acids and 424 amino acids, respectively, which share 59% amino-acid identity and an atypical plant homeo-domain (PHD) motif(7). Although Zar1-null (Zar1(-/-)) mice are viable and grossly normal, Zar1(-/-) females are infertile. Ovarian development and oogenesis through the early stages of fertilization are evidently unimpaired, but most embryos from Zar1(-/-) females arrest at the one-cell stage. Distinct pronuclei form and DNA replication initiates, but the maternal and paternal genomes remain separate in arrested zygotes. Fewer than 20% of the embryos derived from Zar1(-/-) females progress to the two-cell stage and show marked reduction in the synthesis of the transcription-requiring complex(8), and no embryos develop to the four-cell stage. Thus, Zar1 is the first identified oocyte-specific maternal-effect gene that functions at the oocyte-to-embryo transition and, as such, offers new insights into the initiation of embryonic development and fertility control in mammals.