Characterization techniques employed in the study of niobium and tantalum-containing materials

This paper summarizes the techniques applied for the characterization of niobium and tantalum species in solid materials and described in the literature in the last two decades. The idea of this paper is not only the exhibition of new and developed techniques but also pointing at the papers in which readers can find the particular results of the applied methods. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.