Microbubble-augmented ultrasound declotting of thrombosed arteriovenous dialysis grafts in dogs

PURPOSE: Transcutaneous low-frequency ultrasound (LFUS) can effectively lyse clots in the presence of microbubbles. This study was designed to test the commercially available human albumin microspheres injectable suspension octafluoropropane formulation, Optison, to establish efficacy and assess US parameters of intensity and wave modes in a canine model of a thrombosed arteriovenous (dialysis) graft. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Arteriovenous grafts in five dogs were cannulated, temporarily ligated, and thrombosed. Different declotting techniques were randomized to treat nine groups. Control groups involved direct saline (4.5 mL) clot injection in 0.5-1.0-mL increments. One group underwent peripheral intravenous microbubble injection (13.5 mL). Six groups underwent direct incremental clot injection of 4.5 mL of microspheres with LFUS for 30 minutes in 3-5-minute increments with use of various intensity settings in continuous-wave and pulsed-wave (PW) modes. At each increment, angiography was used to grade flow, declotting, and overall success. RESULTS: One hundred four procedures showed success in all 24 high-intensity PW modes (1.2-2.0 W/cm(2)); only one of 20 control experiments was successful (P < .0001). Medium-intensity modes yielded intermediate success rates. Lowest-intensity direct-injection groups and intravenous and control groups ranked lower. Results at 30 minutes were better than at 15 minutes (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: LFUS with direct injection of microbubbles is effective in lysing moderate-sized clots and recanalizing thrombosed arteriovenous grafts. It best succeeds at the higher range of intensity settings tested in PW mode. Further development is justified.