Turbulent heat fluxes over leads and polynyas, and their effects on Arctic clouds during FIRE.ACE: Aircraft observations for April 1998

In this study, aircraft observations obtained during the First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) Regional Experiment-Arctic Cloud Experiment (FIRE. ACE) were used to calculate latent and sensible heat fluxes over leads and polynyas. The purpose of this study is to analyse turbulent heat fluxes related to ocean surface characteristics, and study their effect on Arctic cloud formation. Aircraft passes were made over the leads and polynyas at an altitude of about 100 m. The measurements of a Land Resources Satellite System (LANDSAT) simulator, an airborne PRT-5 infra-red radiometer, and a lidar at 1.064 mum wavelength were used to specify ocean surface characteristics. Air temperature, vertical air velocity, and water vapour density measurements were used in the flux calculations. Cloud microphysical parameters, e. g., droplet concentration, ice crystal concentration, and water content were obtained using optical and hot wire probes. The results indicated that a 3-km lead generated a sensible heat flux of 56 W m(-2) and a latent heat flux of 14 W m(-2), whereas over the ice they were about -20 W m(-2) and -13 W m(-2), respectively. Turbulent fluxes from leads and polynyas were found to be highly variable because of various surface and environmental conditions. Temperature at the ocean water surface reached 3degreesC on 8 April 1998 and this high surface temperature could also be related to steam fog or thin cloud. Clouds tended to form over the leads and polynyas or in the downwind region as cold air moved from north to south, resulting in a temperature difference of 15degrees-20degreesC. The effective radius and droplet concentrations were calculated to be less than 8 mum and 90 cm(-3), respectively, in such clouds. The effective values were found to be significantly less than those (similar to10 mum) of mid-latitude clouds over the ocean.