The structure and biogeochemical activity of the phototrophic communities from the Bol'sherechenskii alkaline hot spring

Microbial communities growing in the bed of the alkaline, sulfide hot spring Bol'sherechenskii (the Baikal rift area) were studied over many years (1986-2001). The effluent water temperature ranged from 72 to 74degreesC, pH was from 9.25 to 9.8, and sulfide content was from 12 to 13.4 mg/ml. Simultaneous effects of several extreme factors restrict the spread of phototrophic microorganisms. Visible microbial mat appears with a decrease in the temperature to 62degreesC and in sulfide content to 5.9 mg/l. Cyanobacteria predominated in all biological zones of the microbial mat. The filamentous cyanobacteria of the genus Phormidium are the major mat-forming organisms, whereas unicellular cyanobacteria and the filamentous green bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus are minor components of the phototrophic communities. No cyanobacteria of the species Mastigocladus laminosus, typical of neutral and subacid springs, were identified. Seventeen species of both anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria and cyanobacteria were isolated from the microbial mats, most of which exhibited optimum growth at 20 to 45degreesC. The anoxygenic phototrophs were neutrophiles with pH optimum at about 7. The cyanobacteria were the most adapted to the alkaline conditions in the spring. Their optimum growth was observed at pH 8.5-9.0. As determined by the in situ radioisotope method, the optimal growth and decomposition rates were observed at 40-32degreesC, which is 10-15degreesC lower than the same parameter in the sulfide-deficient Octopus Spring (Yellowstone, United States). The maximum chlorophyll a concentration was 555 mg/m(2) at 40degreesC. The total rate of photosynthesis in the mats reached 1.3 g C/m(2) per day. The maximum rate of dark fixation of carbon dioxide in the microbial mats was 0.806 g C/m(2) per day. The maximum rate of sulfate reduction comprised 0.367 g S/m(2) per day at 40degreesC. The rate of methanogenesis did not exceed 1.188 mug C/m(2) per day. The role of methanogenesis in the terminal decomposition of the organic matter was insignificant. Methane formation consumed 100 times less organic matter than sulfate reduction.