Nutrient leaching and settling rate characteristics of the faeces of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and the implications for modelling of solid waste dispersion

The present study determined the settling velocity and leaching rates of carbon and nitrogen from the faecal matter of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fed two commercial diets, high energy (HE) and standard, in three separate experiments (December, March and May) which coincided with winter, spring and summer. Faecal settling velocities for individual samples were in the range of 3.7-9.2 cm s(-1) . There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in settling velocities among the three experiments, with lowest velocities measured in faecal samples collected in winter and highest velocities measured in samples collected in summer. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in faecal settling velocity among fish fed the different diet types. Faecal nutrient content in the different treatment groups prior to leaching was 269-318 mg g(-1) for carbon and 28-37 mg g(-1) for nitrogen. Both carbon and nitrogen contents were higher in faeces from fish fed the standard diet than in fish fed the HE diet (P < 0.05). Thus the use of HE diets resulted in a 12% reduction in faecal carbon content and an 8% reduction in faecal nitrogen when compared with standard diets. There were no consistent differences in faecal carbon among samples collected during the three experiments; however, significant differences in faecal nitrogen content were detected in samples collected on the three different occasions. Leaching of faecal carbon and faecal nitrogen ranged between 4-14% and 9-16% of the original amount, respectively, after 2.5-min immersion in sea water, although there was no further significant (P > 0.05) leaching after this time. No significant difference in nutrient leaching rate was found in faeces of fish fed HE and standard diets, and no significant differences in leaching rates were apparent among samples collected at different times of the year. These values suggest there may be an overestimation by dispersion models of the amount of nutrients entering seabed sediments. The amount of nutrients leaching from faeces may also have an important role in nutrient flux in the water column.