Diet and body condition of spectacled elders wintering in pack ice of the Bering Sea

Spectacled eiders (Somateria fischeri) winter among leads in the Bering Sea pack ice, where they dive 40-70 m for benthic prey. During the first icebreaker cruises into that area, esophagi of collected eiders contained only clams, mostly Nuculana radiata, with no trace of the once-dominant Macoma calcarea. Alternative prey used elsewhere (snails, amphipods, other bivalves) were available but not eaten. Eiders ate mainly N. radiata 18-24 mm long, although M. calcarea of this length contained 62% more energy. Percent body lipid of eiders averaged 12+/-3% (SD) for 26 adult males and 14+/-3% for 12 adult females. Mean body mass (+/-SE) of these males in late March (1,688+/-21 g) was higher than reported for 53 males after arriving at breeding areas in late May (1,494+/-14 g). Body mass of these females (1,550+/-35 g) was lower (but not significantly) than reported for 11 females upon arrival at breeding sites (1,623+/-46 g). In 1999, the last spectacled eiders left the wintering area on 21 April, 4-8 weeks before their typical arrival at breeding sites. Their location is unknown in the interim, when habitats used appear critical to acquiring reserves for reproduction.