Molecular design, characterization, and application of multiinformation dyes for optical chemical sensing IV. Multiinformation dyes with extended spectral sensitivity in the near-infrared spectral range

In this paper, new multiinformation dyes (MIDs) with extended spectral sensitivity reporting on both changes in solvent polarity (solvatochromism) and in pH (halochromism) by changes in their visible absorption spectra, are presented. The merocyanine dyes 2,6-dibromo-4-[4-(1-dodecyl-4(1H)-pyridinylidene)-2-butenylidene]-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one (KD-M30 1) and 2,6-dibromo-4-[4-(1-dodecyl-4(1H)-quinolinylidene)-2-butenylidene]-2,5-cyclohexadien- I-one(KD-M402) were designed, synthesized, and characterized regarding analytical applications. The spectral sensitivity for the MIDs was extended into the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength range (lambda(max) = 800 nm in CHCl3 for KD-M402) and at the same time, the degree of solvent polarity-induced spectral shifts was strongly enhanced (Deltalambda(max) = 202 nm for KD-M402 between tetrahydrofuran (THF) and methanol), reaching similar values to the standard solvatochromic dye Dimroth-Reichardt's betaine on which the empirical E-T(30) classification of solvent polarity is based. Compared to Dimroth-Reichardt's betaine dye, the molar absorption coefficient E, is increased more than 10-fold (epsilon of KD-M402 in THF: 7.7 x 10(4) M-1 cm(-1)), allowing sensitive measurements at low concentrations of the dye. The dodecyl-substituted KD-M402 is suitable as a lipophilic pH indicator in ion-exchange type optical sensors (optodes) with optical detection in the near-infrared wavelength range. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.