The persistence of winter sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic

The impact of the seasonal variations of the mixed-layer depth on the persistence of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is studied in the North Atlantic, using observations. A significant recurrence of winter SST anomalies during the following winter occurs in most of the basin, but not in the subtropical area of strong subduction. When taking reemergence into account, the e-folding timescale of winter SST anomalies generally exceeds 1 yr, and is about 16 months for the dominant SST anomaly tripole. The influence of advection by the mean oceanic currents is investigated by allowing for a displacement of the maximum recurrent correlation and, alternatively, by considering the SST anomaly evolution along realistic mean displacement paths. Taking into account the nonlocality of the reemergence generally increases the wintertime persistence, most notably in the northern part of the domain. The passive response of the mixed layer to the atmospheric forcing thus has a red spectrum down to near-decadal frequencies.