Canine mammary gland tumors

This article reviews the etiology, clinical behavior, staging system, treatment options, and prognostic factors for canine mammary gland tumors. Similarities regarding etiology and biologic behavior between canine and human breast cancer are discussed, and treatment guidelines for canine mammary gland tumors are proposed, based on an extrapolation of the National Consensus Statement on treatment of human breast cancer and available veterinary publications.