Blood memory B cells are disturbed and predict the response to rituximab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Objective To examine blood B cell subsets in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) prior to B cell depletion therapy and to assess their potential as predictors of clinical response to rituximab (RTX). Methods. Blood B cell subsets were assessed by flow cytometry in 208 RA patients included in an RTX retreatment study (assessed prior to RTX treatment) and in 47 age-matched controls. Expression of BAFF receptor (BAFF-R) on B cells and serum B cell biomarkers was also measured. B cell subsets and BAFF-R expression were compared between RA patient and control populations. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify baseline factors associated with a European League Against Rheumatism response 24 weeks after 1 cycle of RTX. Results. Mean +/- SD counts of both CD27 - naive and CD27 + memory B cells were decreased in RA patients (188.6 +/- 121.4/mm(3)) compared with controls (257.3 +/- 154.1/mm(3)) (P = 0.001) and were partially restored in patients treated with methotrexate (MTX) plus anti-tumor necrosis factor compared with patients treated with MTX alone. Within the CD27 + memory B cells, the CD27 + IgD - switched memory subtype was selectively decreased, irrespective of treatment. The frequency of CD27 + memory B cells correlated inversely with levels of several B cell activation biomarkers in RA. Serum BAFF level and BAFF-R expression was comparable in RA patients and controls. A low baseline CD27 + memory B cell frequency was associated with a greater clinical response to RTX (odds ratio 0.97 [95% confidence interval 0.95-0.99], P = 0.0015). Conclusion. In B cell depletion therapy-naive RA patients, a low frequency of CD27 + memory B cells correlated with levels of serum B cell activation biomarkers and may predict response to RTX. These results suggest that low memory B cell frequency may be indicative of a B cell-driven RA subtype that is more sensitive to B cell depletion therapy.