Effect of Interleukin-1 beta on Osteogenic Protein 1-Induced Signaling in Adult Human Articular Chondrocytes

Objective. Two major receptor-activated Smad (R-Smad) signaling pathways, bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and MAPK, were examined in a model of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta)-induced cartilage degeneration to investigate the effect of IL-1 beta on osteogenic protein 1 (OP-1) signaling in adult human articular chondrocytes. Methods. Chondrocytes from the ankles of 26 normal human donors were cultured in high-density monolayers in serum-free medium. The effect of IL-1 beta on BMP receptors was studied by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and flow cytometry. Phosphorylation of R-Smads was tested in cells treated with IL-1 beta (10 ng/ml), OP-1 (100 ng/ml), or the combination of IL-1 beta and OP-1. Cell lysates were analyzed by Western blotting with polyclonal antibodies against 2 R-Smad phosphorylation sites (BMP- and MAPK-mediated) or with total, nonphosphorylated R-Smad as a control. To identify which MAPKs play a role in IL-1 beta activation of the linker region, chondrocytes were pre-incubated with specific MAPK inhibitors (PD98059 for MAP/ERK, SP600125 for JNK, and SB203580 for p38). Results. IL-1 beta reduced the number of activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK-2) and ALK-3 receptors, inhibited expression of Smad1 and Smad6, delayed and prematurely terminated the onset of OP-1-mediatedR-Smad phosphorylation, and affected nuclear translocation of R-Smad/Smad4 complexes. The alternative phosphorylation of R-Smad in the linker region via the MAPK pathway (primarily p38 and JNK) was observed to be a possible mechanism through which IL-1 beta offsets OP-1 signaling and the response to OP-1. Conversely, OP-1 was found to directly inhibit phosphorylation of p38. Conclusion. These findings describe new mechanisms of the crosstalk between OP-1 and IL-1 beta in chondrocytes. The study also identifies potential targets for therapeutic interventions in the treatment of cartilage-degenerative processes.