Growth mechanisms for spherical mixed hydroxide agglomerates prepared by co-precipitation method: A case of Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3(OH)2

Spherical Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3(OH)(2) agglomerates were synthesized by the co-precipitation method in the presence of ammonia. The results show that the growth mechanism of spherical agglomerates follows three-stages, i.e. nucleation and anisotropic growth of single crystals: agglomeration of polycrystalline crystallites agglomerated by single crystal grains as primary particles to form embryonic agglomerates: formation, growth and consolidation of spherical agglomerates or particles by agglomeration of embryonic agglomerates, continued growth of individual crystals in the agglomerates and further attachment of primary particles. The first two stages are very fast while the last stage takes almost the entire process to complete. The main reason for the anisotropic growth of Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3(OH)(2) crystal is that crystal surface energy of E-(001), E-(100), E-(101) and E-(102) is different with E-(001) being the highest. The morphology of the final spherical agglomerates is explained by partial re-crystallization of contacting primary particles. The growth process of spherical agglomerates was examined by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope and calculation of crystal surface energy using density function theory. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.