Solid base catalysts for the synthesis of fine chemicals

Although catalysis by solid acids has received much attention due to its importance in petroleum refining and petrochemical processes, relatively few studies have focused on catalysis by bases. Base catalysts, however, play a decisive role in a number of reactions essential for fine-chemical synthesis. Solid-base catalysts have many advantages over liquid bases in many respects. Here, recent developments in catalysis by solid bases is described, especially regarding catalytic materials and catalytic reactions. The reactions include isomerization, aldol condensation, Knoevenagel condensation, Michael condensation, oxidation, and Si-C bond formation. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science (USA).